Calculated lipid parameters, flip side to determine hypercholesterolemia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.55629/pakjpathol.v36i4.889Abstract
Objective: To determine that calculated lipid parameters havemore diagnostic value in Hypercholesterolemia.
Material and Methods: This comparative cross-sectional study conducted from October 2023 till April 2024 in tertiary care hospital Kharian. Total 414 individuals were included in this study who reported for Lipid Profile. Samples for fasting lipid profile including serum cholesterol, Triglycerides, HDL-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol, were collected and analyzed by automated chemistry analyzer. Individuals with Total Cholesterol were sub categorized into 2 groups (Group I < 5.2 mmol/L and group II > 5.2 mmol/L). However, lipid parameters were estimated by different calculated formulas.
Results: Out of 414 participants of the study, 296 (71.5%) had cholesterol level < 5.2 mmol/L and 118 (28.5%) presented with cholesterol level > 5.2 mmol/L. 330 (74.8 %) were male and 84 (25.2%) were female. Mean age with SD was 44.48 + 12.78 years. There was statistically significant high association (p value < 0.005) between calculated non-HDL and Hypercholesterolemia as compared to other calculated and measured parameters.
Conclusion: Calculated non- HDL parameter is clinically more valuable marker to diagnose hypercholesterolemia in addition to good prognostic and treatment goal.
Keywords: Cholesterol ratios, Hypercholesterolemia, LDL-cholesterol, non-HDL cholesterol, Triglycerides
References
Park SK, Jung JY, Oh CM, Choi JM, Kim MH, Ha E, et al. Components of metabolic syndrome and their relation to the risk of incident cerebral infarction. Endocr J. 2021; 68(3): 253-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1507/endocrj.ej20-0486
Liu T, Zhao D, Qi Y. Global trends in the epidemiology and management of dyslipidemia. J Clin Med. 2022; 11(21): 6377. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11216377
Hedayatnia M, Asadi Z, Zare-Feyzabadi R, Yaghooti-Khorasani M, Ghazizadeh H, Ghaffarian-Zirak R, et al. Dyslipidemia and cardiovascular disease risk among the MASHAD study population. Lipids Health Dis. 2020; 19: 42.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12944-020-01204-y
Roffi M. What is new in the 2023 European Society of Cardiology Guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes. Cardiology Discovery. 2023; 3(04): 227-31. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/CD9.0000000000000106
Chen Z, Matsumura M, Mintz GS, Noguchi M, Fujimura T, Usui E, et al. Prevalence and impact of neoatherosclerosis on clinical outcomes after percutaneous treatment of second-generation drug-eluting stent restenosis. Circ Cardiovasc Interv. 2022; 15(9): e011693. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1161/circinterventions.121.011693
Fang Y, Mei W, Wang C, Ren X, Hu J, Su F, et al. Dyslipidemia and hyperuricemia: a cross-sectional study of residents in Wuhu, China. BMC Endocr Disord. 2024; 24(1): 2. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12902-023-01528-7
David-Pardo DG, Ruiz ÁJ, Velandia ÓM, Peña ÁA, García DX, Matiz JAA. Concordance between LDL-C estimated by various formulas and directly measured LDL-C. J Clin Lipidol. 2024; 18 (6); e926-37. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacl.2024.08.009
Rosales-Rimache J, Rabanal-Sanchez J, Li J, Soncco-Llulluy F. Comparison of the Friedewald and Vujovic methods with the calculated LDL concentration in a biochemical auto-analyzer. 2024: 24 (4); e2775. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5867/medwave.2024.04.2775
Rosales-Rimache J, Apaza-Condori J, Rabanal-Sanchez J, Jari L, Soncco-Llulluy F. Comparison of the Friedewald and Vujovic methods with the calculated LDL concentration in a biochemical auto-analyzer. Medwave. 2024; 24(4): e2775. DOI:https://doi.org/10.5867/medwave.2024.04.2775
Porat O, Kaplan M, Atlibenkin S, Hasson-Gilad D, Karban A, Zalts R. Differences between repeated lipid profile measurements in a tertiary hospital over a short time period. Lipids Health Dis. 2024; 23(1): 30. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12944-024-02022-2
Qing G, Deng W, Zhou Y, Zheng L, Wang Y, Wei B. The association between non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (NHHR) and suicidal ideation in adults: a population-based study in the United States. Lipids Health Dis. 2024; 23(1): 17. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12944-024-02012-4
Ahmad H, Yousaf S, Samina M, Naqvi RA, Khan A, Rizwan S. Non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol: A marker of cardiovascular disease in type-2 diabetes mellitus. Pak J Pathol. 2025; 36(1):1-6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.55629/pakjpathol.v36i1.843
Katzke VA, Dutta S, Rasokat A, Archibugi L, Capurso G, Peduzzi G, et al. Sex disparities and female reproductive and hormonal factors associated with risk of pancreatic cancer in the european prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition (EPIC) Cohort. Cancers. 2025; 17(14): 2275. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers17142275
Zhang GM, Liu J, Guo XX, Yang FM. A Novel LDLC equation is superior to the NIH LDLC equation and the Friedewald equation. Int J Gen Med. 2024: 559-66. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2147/IJGM.S451743
Dorairaj P, Hemnath C, Sreyan M, Kuppuswamy RV, Perumalraja R, Vijayakumar PG. Comparison of various low density lipoprotein cholesterol calculators: Is it time for the Friedewald equation to go in India? J Assoc Physicians India. 2024; 72(9): e1-5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.59556/japi.72.0645
Swapna GN, Indhumathi T. Comparison of LDL levels obtained by Martin-Hopkins formula and Friedewald’s formula with directly measured LDL: A cross-sectional study. NJLM. 2024; 13 (3); BO11-15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7860/NJLM/2024/69741.2865
Di Bonito P, Corica D, Wasniewska MG, Di Sessa A, del Giudice EM, Licenziati MR, et al. Comparison between Friedewald’s and Sampson’s formula in the estimation of high levels of measured LDL-Cholesterol in youth with obesity. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2025; 35 (5): 103753. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2024.09.023
Agu PU, Egbugara MN, Ogboi JS, Ajah LO, Nwagha UI, Ugwu EO, et al. Atherogenic index, cardiovascular risk ratio, and atherogenic coefficient as risk factors for cardiovascular disease in pre-eclampsia in southeast Nigeria: A cross-sectional study. Niger J Clin Pract. 2024; 27(2): 221-7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/njcp.njcp_633_23
Prasad NS, Hanumantharaya R, Sannamadhu M, Manjegowda MC. Atherogenic indices as early predictors of cardiovascular diseases among patients with subclinical and overt hypothyroidism in a tertiary care hospital, Karnataka: A cross-sectional study. NJLM. 2024;13(1):BO04-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7860/NJLM/2024/63416.2788
Hashmi SB, Ahmed S, Hashmi S, Bux R, Siddiqui I. Choosing the right equation for calculating indirect LDL-Cholesterol (LDL-C) in adult Pakistani population: Evaluation of seven equations using big data analytics. Pract Lab Med. 2024; 41: e00418. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plabm.2024.e00418
Abd Rahim IN, Kasim NA. Comparison of directly measured ldl-cholesterol with calculated LDL-cholesterol using Friedewald, de cordova, Ahmadi and Vujovic formulas. MJCB. 2024; 1(1): 1-13. Available from: https://journal.macb.org.my/home/ article/view/4
Ramesh J, Selvarajan S, Krishnamurthy S, Kopula Sathyamoorthy S, Kumar D. Evaluation of 13 formulae for calculated LDL-C using direct homogenous assay in a south Indian population. J Appl Lab Med. 2024: 9(5):963-77. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jalm/jfae048
Qi X, Wang S, Huang Q, Chen X, Qiu L, Ouyang K, et al. The association between non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (NHHR) and risk of depression among US adults: A cross-sectional NHANES study. J Affect Disord. 2024; 344: 451-7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2023.10.064
Hansen MK, Mortensen MB, Olesen KK, Thrane PG, Maeng M. Non-HDL cholesterol and residual risk of cardiovascular events in patients with ischemic heart disease and well-controlled LDL cholesterol: A cohort study. Lancet Reg Health Eur. 2024; 36: 100774. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lanepe.2023.100774
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Waqas Hanif, Muhammad Shahzad Anwer , Javaria Ahsan, Muhammad Aurangzeb, Syed Mohsin Manzoor, Urwa Sarwar
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Readers may “Share-copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format” and “Adapt-remix, transform, and build upon the material”. The readers must give appropriate credit to the source of the material and indicate if changes were made to the material. Readers may not use the material for commercial purpose. The readers may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
