Early diagnosis of oral cancer - A narrative review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.55629/pakjpathol.v35i4.854Abstract
Oral cancer (OC) is a common malignancy in Asian countries. Early diagnosis is crucial because of its high mortality rate. Patients and physicians both contribute to the delay in oral cancer diagnosis. Improved knowledge of the disease, its risk factors and symptoms would have a positive influence upon the early diagnosis. Majority of the risk factors such as alcohol consumption, tobacco, betel nut, viral infections, chronic irritation and inflammation if identified timely can mostly avoid the cancer. Prevention and anticipation of diagnosis begin with identification of potentially malignant lesions of the oral mucosa and local conditions promoting chronic inflammation. Each lesion needs to be identified quickly and given the proper care. The clinical recognition and evaluation of oral mucosal lesions can detect up to 99% of oral cancers/ pre-malignancies. The World Health Organization states that a biopsy is required for any suspicious lesion that does not go away after two weeks of local causes of irritation have been identified and removed. Surgical biopsy is the gold standard for diagnosis of oral cancer. However oral brush biopsy, toluidine blue vital staining, auto-fluorescence imaging, and other non-invasive techniques have been created and researched to aid physicians in the diagnostic process. Currently, artificial intelligence is a key component in the early detection of oral malignancies. Present review was written to highlight various factors resulting in delayed diagnosis of oral cancer as well as to discuss different non-invasive techniques that can easily be used in early categorization of oral pre-malignant and malignant lesions.
Keywords: Oral cancer, Early diagnosis, Noninvasive techniques, Salivary biomarkers, Biopsy, Artificial intelligence.
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